effect of particle crushing on shear strength and dilation characteristics of sand-gravel mixtures

there are limitations in experimental studies on sand-gravel mixtures due to the small size of testingspecimens. due to this problem, many researchers have worked on prediction of the shear strength of mixture by testingthe sandy fraction of soil alone and developed empirical relationships. most of the previous relationships have beendetermined for low surcharge pressures in which particle breakage does not affect the shear strength parameters.however, the particle breakage affects the relationships in higher confinements. at the present study, the results oflarge scale direct shear tests on sand and sand-gravel mixtures was used to investigate the shear behavior anddilatancy characteristics in a wider range of surcharge pressures. the gravel content, relative density, surchargepressure and gravel grain size were considered as variables in testing program. the relationships between shearstrength characteristics of sand and sand-gravel mixtures were determined considering dilation characteristics of thesoil. in this regard, the minimum void ratio was found as a useful indirect index that relates uniquely to the criticalstate friction angle independent of soil gradation. the relations between critical state or peak friction angles of themixture with minimum void ratio were determined as a function of surcharge pressure. the correlations could be usefulfor determination of the strength parameters of sand-gravel composites by testing sandy fraction of mixture.